• (S. Yu. Yudin,  17:41, 18.9 KBait, otvetov: 17) Ya schitayu, chto v nastoyashee vremya s razlichnymi variaciyami izvestny dve metodiki opredeleniya parametrov orbit planet po nablyudatel'nym dannym. Tipichnymi rezul'tatami primeneniya pervoi metodiki yavlyayutsya teoriya Ptolemeya i zakony Keplera, a vtoroi analiticheskie teorii planet Lever'e i N'yukoma i poluchennye chislennymi metodami efemeridy JPL. Klassifikacii etih metodik ya nigde ne vstrechal, to, vo-pervyh, mne pridetsya dat' im nazvaniya, dopustim, geometricheskaya i fizicheskaya, a, vo-vtoryh, mne zhe pridetsya i ukazat' na ih otlichiya. Do teh por poka v 1665 godu N'yuton i v 1680 godu Guk (ne zavisimo ot N'yutona) prishli k vyvdu, chto sila prityazheniya mezhdu telami obratno proporcional'na kvadratu rasstoyaniya, a v 1687 godu N'yuton v svoih Nachalah svel voedino imeyushiesya na tot moment predstavleniya o zakonah dvizheniya tel, kotorye seichas izvestny kak tri zakona N'yutona, fizicheskih metodik byt' ne moglo. I po etomu dazhe Kopernik, opublikovavshii v 1545 godu svoyu geliocentricheskuyu teoriyu stroeniya Solnechnoi sistemy, ispol'zoval geometricheskuyu metodiku s temi zhe deferentami i epiciklami, chto i Ptolemei.

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I Kepler, otkryvshii v 1609 godu dva svoih pervyh zakona i v tom chisle o dvizhenie planet po ellipsam, tozhe ispol'zoval chisto geometricheskuyu metodiku, approksimiruya razlichnymi geometricheskimi figurami dannye nablyudenii. Tol'ko ne nado putat' geometricheskuyu metodiku opredeleniya parametrov orbit s geometricheskoi, t.e. S pomosh'yu cirkulya i lineiki, metodikoi resheniya matematicheskih zadach, kotoroi N'yuton pol'zovalsya dazhe v svoih Nachalah. I tol'ko posle togo, kak v 1684 godu Leibnic (ne zavisimo ot N'yutona) dal sistematicheskoe izlozhenie differencial'nogo ischisleniya, a v 1686 i integral'nogo ischisleniya, matematicheskie zadachi stalo ne tol'ko namnogo proshe reshat', no i poyavilas' vozmozhnost' reshat' takie slozhnye zadachi, kak opisanie dvizheniya planet s ispol'zovaniem fizicheskih zakonov. A posle teoreticheskih rabot takih velikih matematikov proshlogo, kak Eiler, Lagranzh, Laplas i Gauss vse eti matematicheskie metody stali dostupny i astronomam.

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